gene hackman smoke cigarettes Al Pacino and looking out in a scene from the film... News Photo The late Gene Hackman reprised

Carcinogens present in tobacco smoke, including aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been demonstrated to directly damage the DNA of bladder epithelial cells

Cigarettes contain a vast array of chemicals, many of which are harmful to human health

Epidemiological studies that associated tobacco use with lung cancer1 favoured addressing the modification of cigarette design.2 Since 1950, cigarettes have reduced the nicotine and tar content, as well as the content of other tobacco constituents

The assessment of driving factors and potential improvements was performed using decomposition and frontier analysis