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As part of the long-term policy direction set by the South Korean government to prevent diseases and improve the health level, the Ministry of Health and Welfare established the Fifth Comprehensive Plan for Citizens' Health Promotion in 2021

At the cellular level, cigarette smoke triggers oxidative stress through reactive ROS, causing DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and activation of DAMPs (Travis et al

That is what the work is for

In one study, approximately 1.1% of women in the United States reported to have used e-cigarettes during the last 3 months of pregnancy [ n = 7,434) reported that approximately 2.2% of pregnant women were current e-cigarette users and that 0.6% reported daily use [171]