It is important for tobacco sellers to take steps to keep their chargeback ratio low to increase their chance of getting a merchant account and protect their business from lost sales and fees
Bauer CM, Dewitte-Orr SJ, Hornby KR, Zavitz CC, Lichty BD, Stampfli MR, et al
From speaking to people on our Quit Support forum, and also those who have been diagnosed with lung cancer, people start smoking for all sorts of reasons, explains Paula Chadwick, chief executive of Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation
Epidemiology Bimodal age distribution: 1530 yrs and 5070 yrs Slight male predominance Higher prevalence in urban populations Etiology & Pathogenesis Multifactorial: genetic predisposition + immune dysregulation + environmental triggers Inflammation limited to mucosa and submucosa Begins in the rectum extends proximally (continuous lesions) Clinical Features Intestinal: Bloody diarrhea Mucus in stool Tenesmus Urgency Abdominal pain (LLQ) Systemic: Fatigue Weight loss Fever (severe disease) Extra-intestinal Manifestations Musculoskeletal: Peripheral arthritis, sacroiliitis Skin: Erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum Eyes: Uveitis, episcleritis Hepatobiliary: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) Extent (Montreal classification simplified) Proctitis rectum only Left-sided colitis up to splenic flexure Pancolitis entire colon Diagnosis Colonoscopy with biopsy gold standard Continuous erythema, friability, ulceration Histology: Crypt abscesses, mucosal inflammation Labs: ESR/CRP, anemia Exclude infection (stool cultures, C
