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The most widely used of such instruments are the Fagerstrm Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), created in 1978,(4) and its improved version, the Fagerstrm Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND, Appendix 1), both devised by Fagerstrm et al.(5,6) The FTND was developed mainly because the FTQ had significant psychometric disadvantages, such as unacceptable internal consistency, poor criterion validity and a multifactorial structure.(7) The FTND was initially developed to determine whether or not nicotine replacement therapy is needed to treat withdrawal syndrome

How to get a bad smell out of a rug For general bad smells, start by identifying the source if possible

Archived from the original on December 26, 2024

Addressing these disparities is important for public health efforts aimed at reducing tobacco use and promoting smoking cessation