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Collectively, these studies demonstrate that smokeless tobacco induces oral microbiome dysbiosis characterized by enrichment of pro-inflammatory taxa (e.g., Fusobacterium and Prevotella ), depletion of symbiotic species (e.g., Lactobacillus and Neisseria ), and activation of carcinogenesis-linked metabolic pathways (nitrogen metabolism and LPS biosynthesis), with dose-dependent effects and product-specific virulence

The interaction between different e-liquid ingredients, the effects of various heating temperatures, and the impact of different consumption patterns all require further investigation

There are no health benefits in smoking

Nicotine pouches use plant-based fiber as their base material, with pharmaceutical-grade nicotine added