E-cigarette users showed increased PPD, greater plaque accumulation, more marginal bone loss, and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, MMP-9, TNF-) than non-smokers, but lower levels than cigarette smokers
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Second-Hand Smoke Profile OTHERS KNOWN CARCINOGEN (IARC 1) Contents Second-Hand Smoke Profile General Information Second-hand smoke (SHS) is a mixture of tobacco smoke and ambient air.[1] SHS may be produced by cigarettes or other smoking devices, and is a combination of mainstream smoke (exhaled by the smoker) and sidestream smoke (emitted by the burning end of the tobacco product).[1,2] Approximately two thirds of the smoke from a burning cigarette enters the surrounding environment and may be inhaled by people in the area.[3] SHS may also be referred to as environmental tobacco smoke, involuntary smoking, or passive smoking.[1] SHS comprises more than 4,000 chemicals emitted from burning tobacco, of which at least 250 are known to be carcinogenic or toxic.[2] Some chemicals found in SHS include arsenic, benzene, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, ethylene oxide, nickel, and vinyl chloride.[4] Compared to the smoke that is inhaled by smokers, SHS has over two times the amount of nicotine and tar, and five times the amount of carbon monoxide.[3] The primary route of exposure to SHS is inhalation.[1,2] The complexity of SHS mixtures leads to difficulties in assessing exposure.[2] As surrogate measures of SHS exposure, research and public health studies typically monitor levels of nicotine, carbon monoxide, benzene, and respirable particulates suspended in air, or biomarkers such as levels of nicotine metabolites in saliva, blood or urine.[2,5] SHS is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1, carcinogenic to humans ,[1] with a well-established link to lung cancer.[1,2] An IARC review of Group 1 agents in 2012 reaffirmed this classification and included larynx and pharynx as tumour sites for which there is limited evidence. [6] Other adverse health effects associated with exposure to SHS include eye, nose and throat irritation, dizziness, and nausea.[3] Children exposed to SHS may experience chronic respiratory illness, impaired lung function, and middle ear infection.[3] SHS can aggravate allergies or asthma symptoms, and long-term exposure has been linked to heart disease.[1,3] Health Canada estimates that over 1,000 non-smokers die in Canada each year as a result of SHS exposure.[3] Regulations and Guidelines In Canada, regulations governing environmental or occupational protection from SHS are administered by federal, provincial, and municipal governments.[5] Federal regulations apply to federal lands and corporations, as well as federally regulated areas (i.e., transportation, communications, and banking)
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