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In order to translate observed breathing patterns and smoking behavior into biological effects, we combined the small airway-on-a-chip with a smoking machine that burns cigarettes and a microrespirator that inhales and exhales small volumes of cigarette smoke and fresh air in and out of the epithelium-lined channel in programmable intervals mimicking true smoking behavior, said Richard Novak, a co-author of the study and a senior staff engineer at the Wyss Institute, who helped design the smoking instrument

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Brands were compared with a laboratory reference cigarette containing 1% freebase nicotine

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