The high levels of disease-related biomarkers in smokers were not surprising, Rezk-Hanna noted, since research has shown that cigarette smoking and other forms of combusted tobacco expose users to high levels of chemicals that cause inflammation and oxidative stress
For the seven products with concentrations of total target flavor chemical values of 1 mg/ml, the ratio for total flavor chemicals/nicotine was greater than 2 for 56% of the samples, and for one product (Cinnamon Bomb), the ratio was 129

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1988: voters approved Prop 99, which added an additional 25-cent tax to fund tobacco prevention, education, and research programs