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CD169 has been shown to be involved in phagocytosis of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and levels reduced in COPD ex-smokers compared with non-COPD ex-smokers, however, current and recent ex-smokers (2 months) were not assessed.46 Therefore, smoking influences the phenotype of pulmonary macrophages, resulting in more undifferentiated immature monocyte-like macrophages with a reduction in the mature AM surface markers needed for phagocytosis, efferocytosis, cellcell and cell to matrix interactions

Are e-cigarettes effective for quitting smoking

There are four stages of the disease: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis)

doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.799015 176