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For example, exposure of human alveolar macrophages to E-cigarette vapour condensate resulted in increased inflammatory cytokine production, cell death and a reduced phagocytic ability [21]

Nicotine uptake (also known as bioavailability ) depends on how the product is used and how it's made

As for vape juice on refillable vapes, it depends on the hardware

Since the use of nicotine is associated with certain benefits for individuals suffering from neuropsychiatric conditions like Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, there is a potential for nicotine or some type of novel nicotine-like compound to successfully ameliorate depressive-like symptoms in the future