hookah compared to cigarettes E-Cigarettes and – Smoke Free Georgia Coalition American - Hookah smoking is

We further observe that in these two scenarios, the prevalence required to consume 11.56 bn cigarettes is above 31%, which is at least 6% higher than AMIS reported prevalence

Okada K, Matsuo K (2023) Nicotine exerts a stronger immunosuppressive effect than its structural analogs and regulates experimental colitis in rats

As cigarettes become more expensive, low-income individuals may struggle to afford them, which could result in reductions in essential spending on food, housing, and healthcare, as well as increased illicit cigarette consumption

Anyone who wants to put the effect into perspective should therefore see activated carbon as a comfort and taste factor and not as a protective measure