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We performed four sensitivity analyses to test the stability of our main findings (i.e., the association between the timing of maternal cigarette smoking and six subtypes of congenital anomalies), including the exclusion of women with cesarean section, the exclusion of those with eclampsia, gestational hypertension or gestational diabetes, the exclusion of those with preterm delivery, and the use of imputation analyses (using the fully conditional specification method [24]) to deal with missing data on all variables of interest

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And smoking is a very well-tested habit