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The developing brains of those 21 and under are particularly susceptible to the addictive properties of nicotine, and those who start smoking by the age of 18 are almost twice as likely to become lifetime smokers, as opposed to those who start after the age of 21

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The downregulation of PRKN in lung epithelial cells of COPD patients may contribute to the deficiency in mitophagy observed in these patients, leading to the accumulation of aberrant mitochondria and increased oxidative stress within cells ( In vitro experiments have suggested that even low levels of PINK1 expression can be compensated by increased PRKN expression, leading to induced mitophagy and reduction of cellular ROS stress during CS exposure, a major risk factor for COPD ( 3.2 Mitochondrial dynamics in COPD Mitochondrial morphology and dynamics are altered in the lung cells of COPD patients