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Access this chapter Subscribe and save Buy Now Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Similar content being viewed by others Abbreviations ( NO 2 ): Nitrogen dioxide ( OH): Hydroxyl radical (CO 3 ): Carbonate radical (O 2 ): Superoxide anion ARE: Antioxidant response element BH 2 : Dihydrobiopterin BH 4 : Tetrahydrobiopterin cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase ERKs: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide HClO: Hypochlorous acid HONOO: Peroxynitrous acid IB: IB kinase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases NO: Nitrogen (mon)oxide NO + : Nitrosonium ion NO (HNO): Nitroxyl ion nitrosyl hydride, or hydrogen oxonitrate NO : Nitric oxide free radical NRF2: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 ONOO : Peroxynitrite PARP: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase PKC: Protein kinase C RNS: Reactive nitrogen species ROS: Reactive oxygen species SERCA: Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase SOD: Superoxide dismutases TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha References Acquaviva R, Campisi A, Murabito P, Raciti G, Avola R, Mangiameli S, Musumeci I, Barcellona ML, Vanella A, Li Volti G (2004) Propofol attenuates peroxynitrite-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis in cultured astrocytes: an alternative protective mechanism