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Fasting glucose provides a snapshot of short-term glucose control

Although the action mechanism of SS-31 against kidney disease is not fully understood, the available studies suggest that it elicits its effects primarily by protecting mitochondrial structure, repairing damaged mitochondria, scavenging ROS, and increasing ATP supply, thereby reducing oxidative stress and improving apoptosis, inflammatory response, autophagy, and fibrosis [14, 27, 34] (Figure 1)

Future studies must match the standards of pharmaceutical trials large sample sizes, randomization, placebo-control, and clear endpoints

The most widely used test for screening is the Minimental State Evaluation Test (MMSE)