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The initiator of the pathophysiological process has not been elucidated yet, although acute gastrointestinal infections have been found to initiate the symptoms in a certain group of patients with IBS (post-infectious IBS) (81)

Future trials should also measure important outcomes such as the clinical signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, health related-quality of life, socioeconomic effects, and report adverse events adequately, preferably in a primary care setting

BPC-157 is not FDA-approved and remains a research compound

Meal replacements followed by topiramate for the treatment of adolescent severe obesity: A pilot randomized controlled trial