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Importantly, animals were singly housed to eliminate the exchange and cross-contamination of intestinal microbiomes, a factor that potentially biases studies with group-housed animals by minimizing microbiome variations for co-housed animals within a cohort

B12 InjectionB12 injections provide a concentrated dose of vitamin B12, an essential nutrient that supports energy production, metabolism, and overall health

Certain health conditions such as intestinal or stomach problems, poor nutrition, cancer, HIV, pregnancy, old age, veganism and alcoholism can cause vitamin B12 deficiency

These estimates will change if different assumptions and costing methods are applied to the analysis