R This pathway is the primary defense against: Aflatoxin B1 (a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus) Cadmium Epoxides (reactive Phase I intermediates from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) Lipid peroxidation products (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde) Mercury (organic and inorganic forms) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) GSTs exist in three locations: cytosolic (the largest class, with alpha, mu, pi, theta, sigma, omega, and zeta subfamilies), mitochondrial (kappa class), and microsomal (MAPEG family)
UVA-activated riboflavin promotes collagen crosslinking to prevent root caries
Targets dark spots and general dullness in 1020 minutes
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