Butyrate has been shown to reverse the abnormal expression of ZO-1 and reduce LPS translocation as well as inhibit macrophage activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and neutrophil infiltration, thereby reducing liver injury in rats (105)
The requirement for vitamin D (15 micrograms/day or 600 IU/day) is not increased during pregnancy, but vitamin D is considered a shortfall nutrient in the diet and low vitamin D status (less than 50 nmol/L [20 ng/mL]) is common in pregnant individuals
Incidence rates of meningococcal carriage and IMD are, however, strongly affected by age, population, geography, and time-related variations
Coppola S, Nocerino R, Paparo L, Bedogni G, Calignano A, Di Scala C, et al