The leptin receptor is activated by leptin binding, which occurs when fat cells become larger, indicating adequate or excessive body fat stores

Probiotics, on the other hand, aim to restore a healthy balance of gut microbes by introducing beneficial bacterial strains, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.187 These probiotics support gut barrier function by stimulating the production of protective mucus, strengthening tight junctions between epithelial cells, and producing SCFAs like butyrate, which have anti-inflammatory effects.187 189 Additionally, probiotics can modulate immune responses within the gut by promoting the secretion of IgA and enhancing the activity of immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells.190 Therapies may also include faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and prebiotics.187 191 FMT involves transplanting healthy microbiota from a donor to restore gut balance,191 while prebiotics encourage the growth of beneficial microbes.187 Adipose tissue-liver axis Adipose tissue, especially white adipose tissue (WAT), plays a key role in regulating lipid and energy balance in the body

Primary goals: Tissue repair, injury recovery, inflammation reduction, lean muscle support, sleep quality, energy
Some choose a loading phase (20 g/day for 57 days), but for most women, slow and steady is easier on the gut