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GLP-1 signaling may improve mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1a/nuclear respiratory factor-1/mitochondrial transcription factor A signaling regulated by adiponectin/ adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 49 and elevates the expression of NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which increases the expression of Parkin, leading to mitophagy activation

Concentrations of l-carnitine and TMA were determined by stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS in n = 3 replicate values

Leuphasyl provides a more natural, nuanced alternative

Notable challenges persist in translating the autophagy-ferroptosis axis into clinical applications for LC, despite growing mechanistic understanding