[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 4.Ivanov A.V., Valuev-Elliston V.T., Ivanova O.N., Kochetkov S.N., Starodubova E.S., Bartosch B., Isaguliants M.G
Excretion Pathways Excretion mechanisms for both peptides remain incompletely characterized: Renal filtration likely represents primary elimination route for peptide fragments Hepatic metabolism may contribute to peptide degradation and clearance No evidence of significant biliary excretion in available studies Pharmacokinetic studies in renal or hepatic impairment models are absent from literature The rapid systemic clearance of both peptides contrasts with prolonged downstream effects on growth hormone and IGF-1, indicating that direct peptide presence is not required for sustained biological activity once pituitary signaling cascades are initiated
Antimicrobial activity Garlic extracts have been found to have antibacterial and antifungal properties (79, 80)
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