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This complex process means that conditions affecting the stomach or intestines can significantly impair B12 absorption, including pernicious anaemia, atrophic gastritis, previous gastric surgery, coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, and long-term use of certain medications (such as metformin, proton pump inhibitors, and H2 antagonists)
The most common dosing range cited in preclinical animal studiesand what is often extrapolated for theoretical modelsfalls between 1-10 mcg per kilogram of body weight of the test subject
of this CY 2026 OPPS/ASC final rule with comment period