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Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2020;12:32237

Gastroenterology 128 , 10231033 (2005)

Additionally, chronic conditions such as HIV and tuberculosis have been implicated in B12 deficiency due to increased metabolic demand and altered absorption mechanisms ( The diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency typically relies on low total B12 levels and elevated concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy), as well as levels of transcobalamin-bound B12 (holoTC) and methylmalonic acid (MMA), which serve as functional indicators of cobalamin insufficiency ( Vitamin B12 requirements fluctuate throughout the life course, influenced by metabolic demand and physiological changes

When taking NAC, its a recommendation to start with a low dosage and gradually increase it over time