doi: 10.1038/s41422-021-00557-y
This process is morphologically marked by small mitochondria with condensed membrane densities, and biochemically by iron overload and GSH depletion, leading to loss of antioxidant defense and irreversible oxidative damage ( 3.2 Key molecular drivers of ferroptosis Iron Overload: Excess intracellular ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) catalyzes the Fenton reaction, producing hydroxyl radicals (OH) that initiate lipid peroxidation cascades
This release is rapid, and is known to peak at around 10 min from the initial glucose challenge, whilst the second phase of insulin release, which is sustained, consists in the release of granules from the larger Reserve pool (RP), containing ~9599% of insulin granules, and lasts until glucose stimulation ends (3060 min under normal physiologic conditions) ( + and Cl ions and processing of pro-insulin into mature, releasable, insulin ( In pancreatic -cells, GLP-1R stimulated pathways act promptly (seconds to minutes) to potentiate glucose-dependent insulin release
While light or moderate alcohol (~1 drink per day: 12 fl oz beer, 5 fl oz wine, 1.5 fl oz distilled spirits) drinkers can certainly remain healthy, and may experience some health benefits, it is not fully known whether these benefits are worth the potential risks, since the potential benefits are relatively small compared to the risks
